Forty-nine per cent of management work needs software built first, the second largest middle band in the economy. Almost none of it has been built.
Exposure means published research judged an AI could halve the time a task takes, at the same quality. It is not a prediction about any job. How to read this
General and Operations Managers employ 2.99 million people. Twelve per cent of the work is reachable with a chat window, 53 per cent needs a tool, and 35 per cent cannot be sped up.
That middle band is the largest single pool of unbuilt tooling in this report, measured in people affected.
Five per cent of their listed tasks cannot be sped up. The most protected management job, Biofuels Production Managers, is at 71 per cent.
The pattern is the one that holds everywhere: management of things that happen on screens is exposed, management of things that happen in physical places is not.
Solid is reachable with a chat window today, pale needs software building first, grey cannot be sped up. Task counts are shown because several of these rest on fewer than twenty.
HR Managers, Training and Development Managers and Compensation and Benefits Managers are all filed here, and all three share the group's shape: a small reachable slice and a very large middle band.
If you are wondering why a manager's job looks less reachable than a specialist's in the People chapter, this is why. It is not that management is safer. It is that the tools for management work have not been built either.
There is no data here on what anybody actually does with AI. A dataset that appears to measure it was removed from this report because its meaning could not be stated. The reasoning is on the limits page.
The exposure ratings cover all 1,226 tasks in these 56 occupations with no gaps, and were made in 2023 against the model capabilities of that year. Read every figure as a floor.
Exposure ratings from Eloundou, Manning, Mishkin and Rock, GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs, Science 384, 1306–1308, 2024, used under the MIT licence. This page includes information from the O*NET Database by the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (USDOL/ETA), used under the CC BY 4.0 license. O*NET® is a trademark of USDOL/ETA. People Team AI has modified all or some of this information. USDOL/ETA has not approved, endorsed, or tested these modifications. Employment figures from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics.